Pembatasan Usia Media Sosial bagi Anak di Indonesia dan Australia: Perbandingan Model Regulasi dan Implikasinya terhadap Hak Anak
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29303/jrrbsb56Kata Kunci:
children’s rights;, age restriction, PP TUNAS, best interest of the child, social mediaAbstrak
Indonesia telah menerapkan kebijakan pembatasan usia penggunaan media sosial sebagai upaya perlindungan anak untuk mengatasi dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan mental, perundungan siber, eksploitasi, pelanggaran privasi, dan desain platform yang manipulatif. Kebijakan serupa sebelumnya telah diberlakukan di Australia. Kedua negara menetapkan usia 16 tahun sebagai ambang batas
pada layanan tertentu, tetapi arsitektur regulasi dan cara operasionalisasinya berbeda. Penelitian hukum doktrinal ini menggunakan metode perbandingan hukum melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan hak asasi anak. Analisis didasarkan pada prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak (the best interests of the child), kapasitas anak yang terus berkembang (evolving capacities), proporsionalitas, partisipasi, perlindungan privasi, dan akuntabilitas platform digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan perbedaan arsitektur regulasi Indonesia dan Australia, menilai konsistensi setiap model dengan prinsip kepentingan terbaik anak dan hak-hak terkait, serta mengkaji elemen yang diperlukan agar pembatasan usia efektif, proporsional, dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan guna merumuskan rekomendasi penguatan regulasi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Australia mewajibkan penyedia platform digital yang termasuk dalam cakupan untuk mengambil langkah-langkah wajar (reasonable steps) guna mencegah anak di bawah usia 16 tahun memiliki akun, sedangkan Indonesia mengaitkan pembatasan usia dengan klasifikasi risiko layanan, persetujuan orang tua (parental consent), dan kewajiban rekayasa desain perlindungan anak (safety by design). Kedua model masih menghadapi tantangan operasional mendasar terkait akurasi sistem verifikasi usia (age assurance), jaminan perlindungan data pribadi, serta efektivitas prosedur pemulihan akun yang dinonaktifkan secara keliru (error recovery). Kebijakan pembatasan usia perlu diposisikan sebagai bagian terintegrasi dari tata kelola bertingkat yang meliputi rekayasa desain platform yang aman, mekanisme verifikasi usia yang menjaga privasi, penyediaan saluran keberatan yang adil (due process), serta
evaluasi dampak terhadap hak-hak anak (child-rights impact assessment) secara berkala.
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