Mataram Journal of International Law merupakan media open access setiap semester guna penyebarluasan (diseminasi) hasil penelitian dan pengabdian atau kajian konseptual tentang hukum. Mataram Journal of International Law terbit dua nomor dalam setahun (Juni dan Desember) yang memuat hasil penelitian dan pengabdian atau kajian konseptual (hasil pemikiran) tentang hukum, konstitusi, serta isu-isu hukum tata negara yang belum pernah dipublikasikan di media lain. Jurnal Diskresi ditujukan untuk kalangan pakar, akademisi, praktisi, penyelenggara negara, LSM, serta pemerhati hukum konstitusi dan ketatanegaraan.
Department of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Mataram
LEGAL PROTECTION OF PRESS FREEDOM IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT IN UKRAINE(Case Study of the Russia-Ukraine War 2014–2022)
This research examines the protection of press freedom under international law during the armed conflict in Ukraine from 2014 to 2022, marked by Russia’s annexation of Crimea and subsequent military invasion. The purpose of this study is to analyze legal protection regulations and propose mechanisms for safeguarding press freedom. This research uses a normative juridical approach, utilizing conceptual analysis, international treaties, and case studies. The legal materials used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, analyzed qualitatively through grammatical, systematic, historical, and teleological interpretation methods. The findings show that provisions under International Humanitarian Law, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I of 1977, primarily focus on the protection of individual journalists as stipulated in Article 79, without extending such protection to press institutions as civilian objects. This normative gap leaves media organizations vulnerable to various violations, both physical and non-physical, including censorship, restrictions on access to information, and attacks on broadcasting infrastructure. Therefore, strengthening and amending international humanitarian law—integrated with international human rights instruments—is necessary to ensure that press freedom as an institution receives comprehensive and effective legal protection during international armed conflicts. This would also preserve the press’s role as a pillar of democracy and a means of public oversight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anastasya Rifatia Zahra, Zunnuraeni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
International Criminal Law Enforcement Mechanisms for Israel as a Perpetrator of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
This study aims to analyze: 1) the structural challenges facing the UN and the international legal consequences of israel's violations of jus cogens obligations, alongside the implications for the global legal order and the fostering of international trust; and 2) the potential role of International Criminal Law specifically through the International Criminal Court (ICC) in addressing entities implicated in crimes evidenced empirically but which have evaded direct accountability, while also proposing strategies for international law enforcement. The research employs a normative-juridical method, utilizing approaches based on International Law, International Court of Justice rulings, and doctrines within International Criminal Law. The findings necessitate a comprehensive analysis, revealing that theoretically: 1) the failure of the legal regime to address jus cogens violations erodes the foundation of opinio juris and fosters the fragmentation of international law; and 2) israel’s proven violations and blatant display of arrogant impunity undermine state confidence in the legitimacy of International Law which ought to protect humanity thereby risking a normative collapse of the International Criminal Law regime. Consequently, there is a need for counter-hegemonic legal strategies driven by coalitions of states and non-state actors. As the UN comprises 193 member states, any action taken on its behalf must reflect the collective will of those members. Throughout the conflict involving Palestine as a nation state particularly following israel's 1948 declaration of independence the UN's inability to take appropriate humanitarian action in this protracted conflict has perpetuated the suffering of the Palestinian people to this day; this is clearly evidenced by the UN Security Council (the UN's highest body responsible for maintaining international peace and security) being repeatedly stymied by vetoes, preventing agreement on swift and effective resolutions to ensure the safety of the Palestinian people, especially in Gaza.
International criminal law enforcement mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Mery, Riri Anggriani, Resdianto Willem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE URGENCY OF RATIFICATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CYBERCRIME IN THE ERADICATION OF CRIMES RELATED TO ONLINE SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN INDONESIA
The threat of child sexual exploitation in the digital space is transnational and continues to increase, requiring the strengthening of a more progressive national legal framework. This study aims to analyze the limitations of national legal instruments in addressing online child sexual abuse crimes and to examine the urgency of ratifying the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC) as a strategic step in combating these crimes. The research questions in this study focus on the regulation of child protection and the criminal liability of perpetrators of child sexual violence in current national law, as well as the significance of ratifying the UNCC in strengthening cross-border law enforcement jurisdiction. Using a doctrinal legal research method with a legislative, comparative, and case-based approach, the researcher mapped the norms of the ITE Law, the Child Protection Law, the TPKS Law, and international instruments such as the ICCPR, CRC, Budapest Convention, and UNCC. The results of the study show that national legal regulations are still sectoral, reactive-territorial, and have legal loopholes in criminalizing acts such as psychological manipulation carried out by perpetrators to build trust with children for the purpose of sexual violence (child grooming) and sexually violent material produced using technology (deepfake). In addition, dependence on bureaucratic Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) procedures is a significant operational obstacle. In conclusion, the ratification of the UNCC is an urgent necessity to close the normative gap through the standardization of criminal acts (as in Articles 14 and 15) and the provision of a special (fast-track) access to digital evidence across jurisdictions in order to ensure maximum protection for Indonesian children in the global cyberspace.
United Nations Convention againts Cybercrime
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Haikal Bassam, Erlies Septiana Nurbani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A STUDY OF UNILATERAL RETALIATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF THE UNITED STATES VS CHINA DISPUTE
This research analyzes the conformity of unilateral retaliation measures in the trade dispute between the United States (US) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), particularly through the imposition of additional tariffs during section 301 the 2017–2020 period and the development of reciprocal tariffs in 2025. The study is based on three core principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework: the Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) principle under Article I:1 of GATT 1994, the commitment to bound tariffs under Article II of GATT 1994, and the rules governing retaliation and the prohibition of unilateral action under Articles 22–23 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). The US–China dispute is used as a doctrinal reference to identify elements of violations of MFN and bound tariff obligations, as well as to explain enforcement challenges arising from the inability to finalize panel reports following the Appellate Body crisis since 2019. Employing normative legal research methods with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study argues that tariffs imposed under Section 301 and reciprocal tariffs based on the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) are generally inconsistent with WTO commitments. This is because such measures are discriminatory based on country of origin, may exceed agreed tariff limits, and undermine the DSU framework, which permits retaliation only through multilateral procedures. Furthermore, this research evaluates the effectiveness of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) and highlights Article 25 DSU arbitration and the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) as practical alternatives for restoring legal certainty and finality in dispute resolution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kahfi Rasman, Muh Risnain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PROTECTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW OF TRADITIONAL SONGS AS TRADITIONAL CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS: A JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA AND ITS PRACTICE
This study examines the challenges of legal protection for Indonesian traditional songs as part of Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs). The main issue lies in the gap between the individualistic nature of the intellectual property (IP) legal framework and the communal characteristics of TCEs, which makes them vulnerable to unauthorized commercialization and claims by foreign parties. Using normative legal research methods through statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches, this study aims to analyse forms of international and national legal protection and to identify challenges in their implementation in Indonesia. The findings indicate that the existing protection system remains inadequate. At the international level, conventional IP regimes are not aligned with the communal nature of TCEs. At the national level, the implementation of the Copyright Law and the Cultural Advancement Law is still constrained by the absence of specific implementing regulations and the lack of inter-agency synergy. This study recommends strengthening the regulatory framework through a sui generis system or stronger policy integration, as well as empowering indigenous communities as the primary custodians of cultural heritage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Reyhan Zachary Asnawi, Ayu Riska Amalia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ANALISIS YURIDIS PENGGUNAAN AI-BASED AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEM DALAM KONFLIK BERSENJATA BERDASARKAN HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL
Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa legalitas dan bentuk tanggung jawab pidana individu dalam penggunaan autonomous weapon system berdasarkan hukum humaniter internasional. Penelitian ini bersifat Yuridis Normatif, yaitu penelitian yang menggunakan metode analisis kepustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian, yakni legalitas autonomous weapon system bergantung pada kemampuan untuk tunduk dan mematuhi prinsip hukum humaniter internasional. Legalitas penggunaan, secara hukum positif internasional, penggunaan autonomous weapon system belum dilarang, tetapi juga belum diatur secara spesifik. Tanggung jawab pidana individu dapat diberikan kepada komandan, pengembang senjata, dan operator senjata, tergantung dari tipe senjata otonom yang digunakan. Bentuk sanksi yang dapat diberikan berupa pidana penjara, denda, perampasan aset hingga tanggung jawab bersama.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amalia Nurul Khotimah, Dr. Zunnuraeni, S.H., M.H, Ayu Riska Amalia, S.H., M.H https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES ON BIODIESEL IMPORTS FROM INDONESIA: A CASE STUDY OF WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODY DECISION NO. DS480
This study provides a juridical analysis of the anti-dumping duties imposed by the European Union on biodiesel imports from Indonesia, focusing on the case study of World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) Decision No. DS480. The research questions addressed in this study are: what legal measures can Indonesia take to implement the DSB decision, and how can the implementation of such decision protect the national biodiesel industry from unfair trade practices? This study employs a qualitative normative juridical method, using official WTO documents, international agreements, and relevant regulations as primary legal materials. The findings show that the WTO Panel ruled that the European Union’s anti-dumping measures were inconsistent with the Anti-Dumping Agreement and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, particularly in relation to the determination of production costs, the calculation of dumping margins, and the evidence of injury to the domestic industry. This decision requires the European Union to adjust its measures in accordance with the applicable principles of international trade law and strengthens Indonesia’s position in multilateral forums.
Copyright (c) 2026 Safiya Dwi Aprilia, Diva Pitaloka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE CONSEQUENCES OF REVISIONISM ON THE APPLICATION OF CABOTAGE PRINCIPLE IN THE INDONESIAN MARITIME LAW
Historically, the Cabotage Principle is no recent concept in the history of Indonesia, albeit the contemporary re-emergence nuanced a problem for the national maritime industry and the legal system itself. This normative research tries to tackle this problem with a critical theory approach, by not only relying on doctrinal techniques, but also political economy, literary, and ethical concepts to find anomalies before inferring to the best explanation. After studying the four main Acts and several derivate regulations along with their practice in the real world, through concepting the three modes of moral claim, the research finds various dissonance and irregularities, indicating a non-compliance which may result from preferential institutional praxis of the law. Investigating from multiple cases, the diagnosis is of post-modernism: the value dissonance is symptomatic of a deeper institutional decay and instability which can at least be traced back to the year 2014, purporting of the principle’s values, and aided by legal discrepancies resulting in the undeveloped goal of the initiated principle. The effects of the revisionism on the application of cabotage principle in the Indonesian maritime law are diverse and we can at least come into conclusion of a hypothesis on what hinders the principle’s goals. The author recommends to reverse several amendments, revitalize the original ontology of the 2008 Shipping Act, and replacement of the 32 Marine Act of 2014, also the re-establishment of DEKIN to ensure the archipelagic outlook of Indonesia is preserved with the utmost importance in the nation’s economic, social, cultural, and political life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marco Bastian Lumentah, Adhitya Nini Rizki Apriliana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL BAGI TENAGA MEDIS DAN FASILITAS KESEHATAN DALAM KONFLIK BERSENJATA INTERNASIONAL (STUDI KASUS KONFLIK DI GAZA 7 OKTOBER 2023 – 19 JANUARI 2025)
Penelitian ini membahas penerapan perlindungan hukum humaniter internasional terhadap tenaga medis dan fasilitas kesehatan dalam konflik bersenjata internasional di Gaza yang berlangsung sejak 7 Oktober 2023 hingga 19 Januari 2025. Meskipun Konvensi Jenewa 1949 dan Protokol Tambahan I 1977 telah secara tegas menetapkan kewajiban perlindungan, data menunjukkan terjadinya lebih dari 500 serangan terhadap fasilitas kesehatan serta hampir 900 insiden yang melibatkan korban dari kalangan tenaga medis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang, konseptual, kasus, dan historis untuk menganalisis tanggung jawab hukum para pihak, baik yang merupakan negara (Israel) dan aktor non-negara (Hamas). Hasil penelitan menunjukkan bahwa pasukan militer Israel gagal memenuhi prinsip-prinsip dasar hukum humaniter internasional, yaitu prinsip pembedaan, proporsionalitas, dan kemanusiaan. Serangan terhadap rumah sakit seperti Rumah Sakit al-Shifa dan Rumah Sakit Indonesia, serta serangan terhadap ambulans dan tenaga medis, merupakan pelanggaran terhadap hukum humaniter internasional. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat kesenjangan signifikan antara norma hukum dengan implementasinya di lapangan, sehingga dibutuhkan mekanisme akuntabilitas internasional yang lebih kuat untuk menjamin perlindungan terhadap fasilitas kesehatan dan tenaga medis dalam konflik bersenjata internasional.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daiyan Rinjani Rachmawati, Zunnuraeni, Ayu Riska Amalia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ANALISIS PROVISIONAL MEASURES ICJ ATAS KASUS DUGAAN GENOSIDA DI GAZA: STUDI KASUS SENGKETA AFRIKA SELATAN V. ISRAEL
This study aims to examine the legal considerations of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in issuing provisional measures and their impact on the situation in Gaza. The research employs a normative legal method with a case study approach, focusing on the South Africa v. Israel dispute and relevant international treaties. The legal materials used in this research include both primary and secondary sources, collected through library research. The ICJ established that it had prima facie jurisdiction and issued an order for provisional measures on 26 January 2024, which was subsequently reinforced by additional orders on 28 March and 24 May 2024. These measures were grounded in the need to protect certain rights that were plausibly at risk, the link between those rights and the requested measures, and the potential for irreparable harm if urgent action was not taken. In these orders, Israel was instructed to prevent acts that could be classified as genocide and to preserve evidence. Provisional measures issued by the ICJ are binding in nature, as affirmed in paragraph 109 of the Court's 2001 LaGrand case judgment. However, while binding, such measures are not enforceable in the sense that the ICJ lacks coercive authority to compel state compliance. Moreover, the presence or absence of specific intent (dolus specialis) is crucial in determining whether acts constitute genocide. Even if acts meet the threshold of international crimes, without this specific intent, they may not be classified as genocide.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sirtufillaeli, Muh Risnain, Diva Pitaloka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
IMPLIKASI ADVISORY OPINION MAHKAMAH INTERNASIONAL TENTANG KONSEKUENSI HUKUM PENDUDUKAN ISRAEL ATAS WILAYAH PALESTINA
On July 19th 2024, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion affirming that Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal under international law. The opinion states that Israel has violated the principle of prohibition of acquisition of territory by force and the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination. Although non-binding, the advisory opinion has high normative power and provides a legal and moral basis for states and international organizations to act. This research aims to analyze the legal consequences and obligations of UN member states arising from the opinion, as well as to evaluate its effectiveness in promoting the resolution of international disputes. The method used is normative legal research with an international treaty, case, conceptual, and historical approach. Legal materials were collected through literature review and analyzed qualitatively. The results of theresearch indicate that although this opinion is not legally binding, it remains an important instrument in clarifying the legal status of an action, strengthening the legitimacy of the Palestinian diplomatic struggle, and encouraging global collective action. However, its substantial implementation is still hindered by international political factors, such as the fragmentation of member states' positions. Therefore, collective efforts are needed to strengthen the influence of advisory opinions in the enforcement of international law.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azmi Nasyath Nabila, Muh Risnain, Ayu Riska Amalia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
TANGGUNG JAWAB PRODUSEN PESAWAT UDARA TERHADAP KECELAKAAN PESAWAT BERDASARKAN HUKUM UDARA INTERNASIONAL
This research aims to analyze the form and application of responsibility carried out by manufacturers to the families of victims of aircraft accidents based on international air law. This research examines the cases of Boeing 737 Max, Airbus Helicopters EC130 B4, and F-35 Lightning II, all of which show design defect, manufacturing defect, and failure to warn. The research method used is normative law with a conceptual, international agreements, statute and case approach. Data was collected from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials including the results of accident investigation reports and other supporting data. The results show that producer responsibility has not been regulated directly in international air law such as the 1999 Montreal Convention, therefore the lawsuit relies on the principles of product liability and strict liability in the national legal system, especially the United States, so that there is a legal gap that creates legal uncertainty for parties who feel harmed by an aircraft accident. This study considers the need for international air law reform that includes aircraft manufacturers as parties who should be held liable for aircraft accidents to ensure international aviation safety and victim protection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imanika Srimulyandari, Muh. Risnain, Diva Pitaloka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
YURISDIKSI MAHKAMAH PIDANA INTERNASIONAL DALAM MENGADILI KASUS TENTARA ANAK (Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor ICC-01/04-01/06)
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami bagimana pengaturan yurisdiksi Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) atas kejahatan perang berupa Perekrutan Tentara Anak Dalam Konflik Bersenjata. selain itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertimbangan Majelis Hakim ICC dalam memutus kasus kejahatan perang berupa perekrutan anak pada Putusan Nomor ICC-01/04-01/06), Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan konvensi internasional, dan pendekatan kasus pada putusan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional Nomor ICC-01/04-01/06. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan meliputi Literatur Hukum, Konvensi Internasional dan Putusan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional. Hasil penelitian menegaskan bahwa ICC memiliki Yurisdiksi atas kejahatan perang, termasuk kejahatan perekrutan anak yang berusia di bawah 15 tahun sebagai tentara anak sebagaimana ditegaskan pada Pasal 8 huruf (b) angka (xxvi) dan Pasal 8 huruf (e) angka (vii) Statuta Roma tahun 1998. Kejahatan ini merupakan kejahatan perang baik pada konflik bersenjata nasional maupun konflik bersenjata non internasional. Pertimbangan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional menyatakan Thomas Lubanga bersalah atas kejahatan perang perekrutan tentara anak dan dijatuhi hukuman 14 tahun penjara adalah karena keseriusan kejahatan yang dilakukan, keadilan bagi para korban, membangun kredibilitas ICC, bukti bukti yang diajukan pengadilan dan kebutuhan untuk menyeimbangkan hukuman dan rehabilitasi.
Copyright (c) 2025 Datu Garindra Adlahaq Bayuaji, Zunnuraeni, Lalu Guna Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PERJANJIAN EKSTRADISI INDONESIA-SINGAPURA DALAM PENANGANAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana ruang lingkup korupsi dalam perjanjian ekstradisi Indonesia dan Singapura dan bagaimana pelaksanaan dalam ekstradisi buronan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan, yaitu metode penelitian hukum normatif yang mengkaji dan menganalisa suatu peraturan perundang-undangan, perjanjian bilateral, dan asas-asas hukum dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan perjanjian internasional, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Jenis dan sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan meliputi bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tindak pidana korupsi merupakan salah satu jenis kejahatan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar permohonan ekstradisi sehingga menjadi salah satu instrumen penting dalam upaya pencegahan korupsi lintas negara. Proses ekstradisi terhadap buronan oleh otoritas Indonesia dan Singapura dilaksanakan berdasarkan ketentuan dalam perjanjian ekstradisi kedua negara dan sesuai dengan sistem hukum nasional masing-masing negara.
Baiq Rhamadaning Diaz Puji Jagad Puji Jagad
Copyright (c) 2025 Baiq Rhamadaning Diaz Puji Jagad Puji Jagad, Zunnuraeni, Lalu Guna Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PELINDUNGAN DATA PENGGUNA DALAM PENGGUNAAN ALGORITMA OLEH PLATFORM MEDIA SOSIAL
Teknologi saat ini mengalami perkembangan terkhusus penggunaan algoritma media sosial. Meningkatnya penggunaan algoritma media sosial oleh platform media sosial beresiko meningkatkan pelanggaran privasi pengguna media sosial. Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi dan instrumen internasional seperti GDPR mampu melindungi hak privasi pengguna media sosial dalam konteks pemrosesan data oleh algoritma platform digital, serta menilai mekanisme penegakan hukum administratif, perdata, dan pidana yang tersedia bagi pengguna media sosial jika terjadi penyalahgunaan data pribadi. Penelitian ini adalah hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), konseptual (conceptual approach), perjanjian internasional (international treaty approach), dan studi kasus (case approach) menunjukkan bahwa meski UU PDP telah mengadopsi prinsip GDPR, implementasinya terhambat oleh rendahnya kesadaran pengguna dan kapasitas pengawasan, belum ada kewajiban transparansi atau audit algoritma sehingga potensi bias tetap tinggi, dan upaya represif terhadap pelanggar platform masih jarang dijalankan. Perlu adanya harmonisasi hukum nasional dengan kerangka hukum internasional, pembentukan lembaga independen, dan pengaturan yang eksplisit mengenai algoritma media sosial.
Copyright (c) 2025 Galih Ramadan, Muhammad Risnain, Lalu Guna Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI PERPRES 602023 TENTANG BISNIS DAN HAM DI NTB BERDASARKAN PRINSIP UNGPS
Abstrak Perlindungan hak asasi manusia (HAM) dalam kegiatan bisnis semakin menjadi perhatian di Indonesia, yang ditandai dengan diterbitkannya Peraturan Presiden Nomor 60 Tahun 2023 tentang Strategi Nasional Bisnis dan HAM (Stranas BHAM). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi Perpres tersebut di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), yaitu Protect, Respect, dan Remedy. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dan empiris, studi ini dilakukan melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan serta wawancara dengan lima instansi pemerintah daerah di Provinsi NTB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemerintah daerah Provinsi NTB telah berupaya melaksanakan implementasi Perpres No. 60 Tahun 2023 dalam bentuk Keputusan Gubernur NTB Nomor 180-219 Tahun 2024 tentang Pembentukan Gugus Tugas Daerah Bisnis dan HAM di NTB, namun pelaksanaannya belum optimal. Meskipun telah diterbitkan Surat Keputusan Gubernur NTB No. 180/16/2024 tentang Pembentukan Gugus Tugas Daerah Bisnis dan HAM, belum terdapat tindak lanjut berupa program kerja, koordinasi, maupun alokasi anggaran. Meskipun demikian, sejumlah program yang beririsan dengan Stranas BHAM telah berjalan, terutama dalam upaya perlindungan dan penghormatan HAM di sektor bisnis. Pelaksanaan prinsip United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) menunjukkan kesesuaian pada pilar pertama (Protect) dan pilar ketiga (Remedy) untuk Pilar Kedua (Respect) peneliti tidak dapat menyimpulkan karena fokus penelitian terbatas hanya pada pemerintah daerah Nusa tenggra Barat saja. Kata Kunci: Bisnis dan Hak Asasi Manusia, HAM, Pemerintah Daerah, UNGPs
Ni Putu Krista Welda Lestari I MADE ASTUTY
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Putu Krista Welda Lestari I MADE ASTUTY, Muh. Risnain, Ayu Riska Amalia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PEMBATASAN HAK PENDIDIKAN PADA PEREMPUAN DI AFGHANISTAN BERDASARKAN CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pembatasan hak pendidikan perempuan di Afghanistan oleh Taliban dalam perspektif hukum internasional, dengan fokus pada Konvensi Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan (CEDAW) 1979. Sebagai negara pihak dalam CEDAW, Afghanistan memiliki kewajiban internasional untuk memastikan kesetaraan gender, termasuk menyediakan akses pendidikan yang setara bagi laki-laki dan perempuan tanpa diskriminasi. Namun, sejak kebangkitan Taliban, kebijakan-kebijakan yang membatasi akses pendidikan perempuan, terutama di tingkat pendidikan menengah dan tinggi, diterapkan secara ketat. Tindakan ini merupakan pelanggaran jelas terhadap komitmen Afghanistan di bawah CEDAW. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif dengan pendekatan perjanjian internasional dan kerangka hak asasi manusia untuk menilai tanggung jawab hukum negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pertama, Kebijakan Taliban yang melarang perempuan untuk mengakses pendidikan menengah dan tinggi di Afghanistan merupakan bentuk pelanggaran terhadap kewajiban internasional yang telah disepakati oleh negara tersebut, khususnya sebagai pihak dalam CEDAW. Kedua, Berdasarkan prinsip pertanggungjawaban negara dalam hukum internasional yang tercantum dalam Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (DARS) oleh International Law Commission (ILC), Afghanistan sebagai negara tetap memikul tanggung jawab atas tindakan yang melanggar hukum internasional meskipun berada di bawah kekuasaan pemerintahan de facto seperti Taliban. Kata Kunci : CEDAW, Diskriminasi, Pendidikan, Taliban
Copyright (c) 2025 Syayidatina Fajriyah Almusyarofah, Dr. Zunnuraeni, SH., MH, Adhitya Nini Rizki Apriliana, SH.,MH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Kewenangan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional Dalam Penangkapan Pelaku Kejahatan Perang Dari Negara Non-Anggota (Studi Kasus Surat Perintah Penangkapan Benjamin Netanyahu)
Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk menganalisis kewenangan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) dalam menangani kejahatan perang yang dilakukan oleh warga negara non-anggota dengan studi kasus Surat perintah penangkapan Benjamin Netanyahu serta mekanisme perintah penangkapan terhadap pelaku kejahatan perang berdasarkan ketentuan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan metode pendekatan perundang-undangan, metode pendekatan kasus dan metode pendekatan konseptual. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahan hukum primer berupa Statuta Roma 1998, Bahan hukum sekunder dan tersier yang dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pertama, ICC memiliki kewenangan untuk menangani kejahatan perang yang dilakukan oleh warga negara non-anggota melalui tiga mekanisme yaitu pengajuan resolusi oleh dewan keamanan PBB, penerimaan yurisdiksi ICC oleh negara yang berkonflik dan beredasarkan pada tempat kejadian suatu kejahatan yang berada di wilayah negara anggota. Pada Kasus Benjamin Netanyahu, Yurisdiksi ICC didasarkan pada tempat kejadian suatu perkara, yaitu palestina yang merupakan negara anggota Statuta Roma 1998. Kedua, Mahkamah Pidana Internasional memiliki kewenangan untuk memeriksa dan mengeluarkan surat perintah penangkapan dengan prosedur penyelidikan awal, tahap investigasi, permintaan perintah penangkapan, penerbitan perintah penangkapan dan implementasi penangkapan
Copyright (c) 2025 Muamar Salahuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKSPOR MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT ANTARA INDONESIA DAN UNI EROPA PADA KASUS DS593
Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesesuaian antara kebijakan penolakan impor minyak kelapa sawit Indonesia melalui Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) dan Delegected Act Uni Eropa terhadap aturan perdagangan Internasional di WTO. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan berupa data kepustakaan. Adapun analisis bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah telaah perjanjian Internasional. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kebijkan Uni Eropa RED II dan Delegected Act dari persepektif prinsip non diskriminasi bertentangan dengan General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). Panel DSB telah memutuskan bahwa Uni Eropa melanggar pasal Pasal I:1 GATT 1994, Pasal III:4 GATT 1994, Pasal 2.1 TBT Agreement yang mana ini membuat Uni Eropa dinyatakan kalah dalam putusan panel dengan nomor DS593. Kata Kunci: CPO; MFN; panel; RED II Abstract This study aims to analyze the compatibility between the rejection policy of Indonesia’s palm oil export through Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) and Delegated Act of European Union towards WTO’s international trade regulation. This study was normative legal research which applied statute, conceptual, and cases approaches. The applicable legal materials were primary and secondary types, and collected with library study. Moreover, they are assesses based on international agreement framework. Result of this study illustrates that European Union’s Red II and Delegated Act policies according to the principle of non-discrimination are in conflict with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The Dispute Settlement Body’s panel declared that the European Union violated the provisions in Article I:1 GATT 1994, Article III:4 GATT 1994, and Article 2.1 TBT Agreement. This resulted in the losses of the EU according to panel decision number DS593. Keywords: CPO; MFN; panel; RED II
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ammar Farhan, Muh Risnain, Lalu Guna Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT: A STUDY OF THE PROTECTION OF LANDOWNERS' HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MANDALIKA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE
ABSTRACT The study's purpose is to identify and analyze the problems of Kuta Mandalika residents who are affected by the Mandalika Special Economic Zone development project. The main legal issue is analyzing the implementation of Human Rights protection in International Investment which is based on the case of landowners' rights in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone. This study's type of research is normative-empirical legal research using a Statute Approach, a case approach, or a conceptual approach. The implementation of human rights protection in international investment activities in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone does not apply the ESF standard based on the FPIC principle resulting in problems in (i) the implementation of meaningful consultation in the socialization of the Mandalika Special Economic Zone project development plan with the community; (ii) the implementation of involuntary resettlement that does not comply with the affected community's needs; (iii) the provision of fair compensation to the affected community; (iv) errors in the census people data of recipients who got recovery assistance; and (v) threats and criminalization of residents whose demonstrations demand relocation and fair compensation. These problems arise because PT. ITDC did not implement meaningful consultation thoroughly with the community to ensure the economic, social, and cultural needs of the affected community. Keywords: Human Rights, Infrigement, Meaningful consultation
Copyright (c) 2025 L Muhammad Rizaldy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pembatasan Pembatasan Penggunaan Hak Veto Dewan Keamanan Melalui Mekanisme Uniting for Peace Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk; pertama, menganalisis pengaturan hak veto dalam Piagam, dan kedua, menganalisis akibat hukum resolusi Majelis Umum bagi pembatasan penggunaan hak veto Dewan Keamanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perjanjian internasional, konseptual dan sejarah. Pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan dengan studi pustaka dengan memanfaatkan bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan analisis kualitatif preskptif untuk memberikan penilaian terhadap masalah yang sedang diteliti. Simpulan, mekanisme Uniting for Peace mampu mengatasi ketidakmampuan Dewan Keamanan dalam menjalankan tugasnya akibat dari pemberian veto oleh anggota tetap dan memungkinkan tindakan cepat dalam situasi darurat. Namun, resolusi yang dihasilkan bersifat rekomendasi dan tidak mengikat secara hukum, sesuai dengan Article 14 UN Charter dan berakibat pada pelaksanaannya yang tergantung pada negara anggota. Akibat hukum ini membuat kekuatan resolusi Majelis Umum terbatas dan tidak sekuat resolusi Dewan Keamanan, sehingga efektivitasnya dalam membatasi hak veto Dewan Keamanan menjadi lebih terbatas. Di lain sisi, meskipun mampu membatasi kekuasaan hak veto Dewan Keamanan namun dalam pelaksanaannya mekanisme Uniting for Peace memiliki tantangan dalam implementasinya seperti, tidak dilaksanakannya resolusi oleh semua negara karena tidak memiliki kekuatan mengikat, tingginya kepentingan politik diantara negara-negara, munculnya anggapan keberadaan mekanisme Uniting for Peace mengambil kekuasaan Dewan Keamanan yang terdapat dalam ketentuan Article 24 Paragraph one UN Charter untuk menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan dunia, dan yang terakhir adalah karena tidak ada aturan yuridis yang mengadopsi mekanisme ini dalam Piagam.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lailatil Maya, Muh Risnain, Lalu Guna Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Protection of The Rights of Rohingya Children as Refugees in Indonesia From The Perspective of International Law And Indonesian National Law
This research aims to analyze the forms of human rights (HR) protection for Rohingya ethnic refugee children. Additionally, it examines the implementation of human rights protections. This study employs normative legal research using a statutory approach, utilizing secondary data sourced from literature studies, documents, and expert views. The protection of human rights for Rohingya refugee children is regulated in various international conventions, covering the most fundamental (non-derogable) rights, including the right to education, health, freedom of religion, and others. Measures to protect the human rights of the refugee children involve legal steps that adopt several legislative policies related to child protection, including refugee children, as well as steps to engage in international cooperation with organizations like the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and IOM (International Organization for Migration).
Children Right Protection; Children Rights Convention; International Law; Refugees; Rohingya Ethnicity
Copyright (c) 2024 Lina Yulia Nopiyanti, Muh. Risnain, Diva Pitaloka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Kerja Sama Internasional Dalam Penegakan Hukum Atas Kejahatan Perdagangan Orang Antar Negara
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaturan kerjasama internasional dalam penanganan kejahatan perdagangan orang transnasional dalam perspektif hukum internasional dan hukum nasional serta mengetahui pelaksanaan kerjasama internasional dalam penanganan kejahatan perdagangan orang di Indonesia. Metode penelitian, jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Jenis, dan sumber bahan hukum, bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum menggunakan studi pustaka. Analisis bahan hukum menggunakan metode penafsiran. Simpulan, pengaturan kerjasama internasional atas kejahatan orang antar negara telah termuat dalam konvensi internasional yaitu diawali konvensi Palermo, dan selanjutnya terlaksana konvensi ASEAN. Selain itu, Indonesia juga telah menciptakan Undang-Undang No. 21 Tahun 2007 yang menjadi Dasar hukum pertama bagi Indonesia untuk memerangi kejahatan perdagangan orang. Bentuk penegakan hukum atas kejahatan perdagangan orang akan selalu didasarkan pada unsur-unsur dari penegakan hukum yaitu kepastian hukum, kemanfaatan hukum dan keadilan hukum.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rafly Muzhaffar Rizqullah, Muh. Risnain, Lalu Guna Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE AUTHORITY OF THE COUNCIL OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA (DPR RI) IN RATING INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS POST THE RULING OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT (MK) NUMBER 13/PUU-16/2018
This research aims to find out and understand the meaning of the DPR RI's authority to ratify international agreements based on Constitutional Court Decision No. 13/PUU-16/2018 and to understand and analyze the direction of regulating the authority of the DPR RI in ratifying international agreements after Constitutional Court Decision No. 13/PUU-16/2018. This research method uses a type of normative legal research. The meaning of the DPR RI's authority to ratify international agreements based on Constitutional Court Decision No. 13/PUU-16/2018 expands the definition of DPR approval, which is not limited to the provisions of Article 10 of Law no. 24 of 2000 concerning international agreements, but in all international agreements which have the nature of having broad and fundamental consequences for people's lives related to the financial burden on the state, and requiring changes or formation of laws. The Constitutional Court's decision pertaining to the DPR's authority in ratifying international agreements, the Constitutional Court expanded the meaning of Article 10 by cancelling the Article and returning to the norms contained in article 11 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the Constitutional Court interpreted it extensively. The direction of regulating the authority of the DPR RI in ratifying international agreements after the Constitutional Court decision no. 13/PUU-16/2018 is by changing or replacing the existing norms in article 10 of Law No. 24 of 2000 concerning International Agreements by regulating the substance of international agreements as intended in article 11 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and following the pattern of article 84 of Law no. 7 of 2014.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bah Jatun Nadrati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN INTERNATIONAL SEABED AREAS UNDER THE BIODIVERSITY BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION AGREEMENT
This research aims to analyze and understand the conservation of biodiversity in international seabed areas based on BBNJ, and to analyze the urgency of the State of Indonesia to ratify the BBNJ Agreement. The research method used is normative legal research. The results show that conservation in the context of the BBNJ (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction) Agreement includes protection and conservation of natural resources and management. Protection and conservation are regulated through the establishment of area-based management instruments and the requirement of environmental impact assessments for activities on the high seas and the international seabed. Meanwhile, conservation within management is addressed through equitable benefit sharing, technology transfer and capacity building. Therefore, the ratification of the BBNJ Agreement is very important for Indonesia because Indonesia's geographical situation as an archipelago with a large marine area requires effective protection of marine biodiversity, most of which is beyond national jurisdiction. Ratification of the BBNJ Agreement will strengthen national capacity in marine technology, provide better access to marine genetic resources, and strengthen Indonesia's commitment to sustainable ocean management and contribute positively to global ocean governance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ihdal Umam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Immunity Of Foreign Embassies From Jurisdiction Of Indonesian Industrial Relations Court Of Indonesia (A Case Study of Decision Number 376 K/Pdt.Sus-Phi/2013)
This research aims to determine the position of foreign embassies within the jurisdiction of the Indonesian Industrial Relations Court under the 1961 Vienna Convention and the implementation of foreign embassies’ diplomatic immunity by the Industrial Relations Court in Decision Number 376 K/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2013. This research uses a normative research method, employing both an international agreement approach and a conceptual approach. Foreign embassies enjoy several broad immunities from the jurisdiction of the receiving country. Courts in Indonesia cannot necessarily hear or decide cases involving foreign embassies. A special agreement is needed that allows diplomatic agents to comply with applicable laws in Indonesia, and this must be submitted separately. Diplomatic representatives are parties who can be involved in industrial relations dispute cases at the Industrial Relations Court. Under the 1961 Vienna Convention, these immunities and privileges are not absolute, and the receiving country has the power to reject diplomatic representation considered problematic or persona non grata.
Diplomatic, Immunity, Industrial Relations Court
Copyright (c) 2024 Fahar Fatoni, Muh. Risnain, Diva Pitaloka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
KOMERSIALISASI RUANG ANGKASA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DAN PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM NASIONAL INDONESIA
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan mengenai komersialisasi ruang angkasa yang diatur dalam Outer Space Treaty 1967 sebagai landasan hukum penggunaan ruang angkasa dan pembaharuan hukum nasional Indonesia dalam menghadapi komersialisasi ruang angkasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pelitian normatif, yaitu dengan cara melakukan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan teoritis. Peraturan mengenai komersialisasi ruang angkasa diatur dalam Outer Space Treaty 1967 dan The Moon Agreement 1972 yang mengatur mengenai segala bentuk aktivitas penggunaan ruang angkasa termasuk kegiatan komersialisasi dan dalam hukum Nasional Indonesia diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2013 Tentang Keantariksaan dan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 45 Tahun 2017 Tentang Rencana Induk Penyelenggaraan Keantariksaan yang ditargetkan dalam waktu 25 tahun dimulai sejak tahun 2016 sampai dengan tahun 2040.
Amy rizki nurae aini Amy rizki nurae aini
Copyright (c) 2024 Amy rizki nur’aini Amy rizki nur’aini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANY (PMC) IN AN INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT UNDER HUMANITARIAN LAW
The existence of Private Military Company (PMC) in most contemporary armed conflicts as a non-participant has raised the legal question regarding the status and legal standing of PMC. This research aims to analyze the legal position and determine the legal responsibility of PMC in international armed conflicts according to Humanitarian Law. The research employed a normative legal research method, utilizing international treaties, national legislation, and international customary law as the basis. The findings reveal that, under international law, the PMC is not a party legally authorized to engage in armed conflicts. The legal responsibility of the PMC for crimes in violation of international humanitarian law and human rights can be attributed to both civil responsibility and criminal responsibility for war crimes, based on the principle of corporate criminal responsibility. However, the non-recognition of PMC as subjects of international law means that PMCs cannot be held criminally liable under international law. Therefore, the existence of humanitarian law in the national legal system paves the way for the criminal prosecution of PMC as a company.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lalu Nahudatu Akbariman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
STATE RESPONSIBILITY IN THE DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC AREA (Case Study on Japanas Disposal of Nuclear Waste in Fukushima Waters)
This research aims to find out and examine Japan's responsibility for disposing of radioactive waste in the waters of the Asia Pacific region and to find out and understand the steps that the IAEA should take in resolving the disposal of radioactive waste in the waters of the Asia Pacific region by Japan. This research method uses a type of normative legal research, namely by taking a conceptual approach and a case approach. The actions taken by Japan give rise to responsibilities that must be fulfilled because they violate obligations in several principles and provisions of international law. Actions in disposing of radioactive by Japan have received approval from the IAEA because the level or content of radioactive waste disposed of by Japan is still classified as safe as per the results of laboratory research carried out by TEPCO and the IAEA.
Copyright (c) 2024 Annisa Raudlatul Rahmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES IN FULFILLING STATE OBLIGATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT ON THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is now an international issue as it affects nations around the world. The Paris Agreement 2015 was established as a form of countries' efforts to reduce climate change. This research aims to find out the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in the Paris Agreement and its implementation in Indonesian law as a developing country. The research method used is the normative research method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The research results determined that the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in the Paris Agreement is based on a bottom-up approach. The approach gives the authority to determine targets for each country through the formation of nationally determined contributions containing action plans that will be implemented by a country within the next five years to realize the goals of the Paris Agreement. In its implementation in Indonesian national law, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities is applied through the NDC which is then realized in several regulations governing capacity building, economic growth, and adaptation and mitigation.
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
Copyright (c) 2024 Dampaty Anja Anjani Ida Ayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0