J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology) is a scientific journal that publishes research results in the field of agricultural engineering and technology. J-AGENT's scope includes: agricultural environmental engineering and conservation, agricultural tools and machinery, bioprocess engineering, new renewable energy, agricultural information technology, smart agriculture and other related fields related to agro-industrial technology. This journal is published by the Faculty of Food Technology and Agroindustry, University of Mataram. Articles published on J-AGENT can be written in 2 languages, namely Indonesian or English. J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology) is published 4 times a year in January-March, April-June, July-September, and October-December (1 volume, 4 issues).
Fakultas Teknologi Pangan & Agroindustri
Application of Drip Irrigation for Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) on Raised Bed
The raised bed is a land area made on the ground then limited by a container. Drip irrigation is a method of providing water with a low flow rate. This study aims to design a drip irrigation system for lettuce plants on a raised bed and determine the response of lettuce plants to the applied drip irrigation method. The research method used is experimental with field experiments on a raised bed with one raised bed plot. The parameters observed were crop water requirements, soil physical properties, emission uniformity, water reduction in the reservoir, pressure head, plant growth, and wet range. The results showed that the lettuce plant's water requirement was the highest in the middle phase, which was 3.418 mm/day, and the lowest was in the early stage, which was 1.318 mm/day. The plants needed much water in the middle period, so the plant growth reached its maximum point during this period. The design application of drip irrigation was successful at the study site with an EU value of 78.33%, which is quite good. The total amount of water given to lettuce plants during the study was 80.83 liters. The results showed that lettuce plants grown using a drip irrigation system on raised beds responded well. Responded well can be seen in the average increase in plant height reaching the highest value of 11.58 cm, the average number of leaves being the highest, 7.9 strands, and the average width of the broadest canopy running 18.28 cm.
Copyright (c) 2023 J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
Detection of Avocado Fruit Ripeness Level Using Classification Algorithm And Stratified K-Fold Cross Validation Method
In the production of avocados, there are several problems, including classifying the fruit and whether the fruit is ripe, raw, or damaged. So the possible way that can be used is using an electronic nose (e-nose). The purpose of this study was to determine the level of ripeness of avocados, raw and ripe based on physical properties and chemical properties using classification algorithm and Stratified K-Fold Cross Validation methods. The method used in this research is experimental quantitative, testing the effect of one or more variables on other variables. The parameters tested in this study were gas content, weight loss, total dissolved solids, and water content. The results showed increased weight loss in avocados stored at room temperature from day 2 to day 5. The increase in fruit weight loss was mainly caused by the transpiration process or the release of water in the form of steam through the skin surface that occurred during the storage period. An increase in weight loss in fruits is one sign that the fruit is starting to experience a decrease in its freshness quality. The water content of avocados from day 1 to day 5 fluctuated and tended to increase. Changes in water content are affected by room temperature and humidity during storage.
Performance Test of Push Type Corn Seed Planting Tools Based on Anthropometric And Work Physiology Data
Corn seed planting tool driven type is a conventional planting tool that designed is simply, consisting of a control handle, wheels, adjusting the uniformity of seed output, spacing and hole depth at each wheel rotation. This implant can be operated efficiently for time and effort. The research stages include design, assembly and functional testing. Based on the test results of this corn seed planting tool, the design of the distance between the handlebars is 40 cm, the handle length is 13 cm and the handle height is 80 cm. This design produces an ergonomic design. The working capacity for a land area of 0.5 acres is 0.157 Ha / hour, energy consumption is 0.41-1.49 Kcal / minute. Based on the IRHR value, it can be categorized as light work. The work of this tool, for the removal of 2-3 seeds, is 97%, the depth of the planting hole is 96.8%, and the spacing of 21-25 cm is 35.7%.
Copyright (c) 2023 J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering Generation)
Application of The Sub-Surface Drip Irrigation System For Cellery (Apium Graveolens L.) Using Thread Hose on Sandy Clay Soil
The application of the sub-surface irrigation system aims to learn the performance of the application of the sub-surface irrigation system for the Celery (Apium graveolens L.) as well as to learn about the productivity of plants produced by the methods applied. The research method used the experimental method with experiments on dry soil with sandy clay textures. The drip irrigation device contains 12 drippers that have been covered with legacy cloth. The sub-surface irrigation system was applied to the field where the physical properties of the soil had been tested in the soil physical properties laboratory and for an emitter to each plant. The observable parameter is the crop water requirement, discharge/volume and decreasing of water level in the mariotte tube, emission uniformity (EU), wetting width, pressure head, plant growth (the height of the plant, the width of the canopy, and the number of leaves), the physical properties of the soil, and the water productivity. Research shows that the performance of these subsurface irrigation tools is not good enough to apply to the ground (EU=41,2%). A celery plant responds to the growth adequately marked by the growing height, the canopy width, and the increasing number of leaves, yet the yield obtained from plant productivity was 0.33 kg/m3.
Analysis of The Effect of Track Roughness on The Chassis Design of The Tomato Sorting Robot Based on The Arduino Mega Microcontroller
The wheel chassis is a component that is combined with the Arduino Mega microcontroller in the automatic tomato fruit sorting process. In its application in the field of wheel chassis that moves according to a determined route following a line (line Follower) along 2.2 m which in application will run on smooth and rough paths. The difference between the type of fine and coarse trajectory lies in the coefficient of friction on the fine line of 0.8 µk and the coefficient of 1 µk and will cause differences in the results of the sorting. The difference in roughness values must be analyzed to determine their effect on the sorting time, the number of wheel rotations, the angular speed, linear speed, wheel torque, and motor power when performing the sorting. This analysis process requires several additional components to help the wheel chassis work properly such as the Arduino Mega, robot arm kit, wheel chassis, motor driver, DC motor, power supply, color sensor servo motor and line sensors connected by cables and jumpers. These components are assembled in such a way that they can function properly and the addition of a programming language in the form of the C language with the help of the Arduino IDE software. The data collection method is the experimental method with a simulation experiment using a sample of 30 tomatoes which are green and red. The results of the collection of tomato fruit sorting data with the line follower robot show that the average sorting time is 12.41 s for the smooth and 11.04 s for the coarse path with the average number of wheel turns 11.90 times for smooth and 11, 61 turns for rough passes. In addition, the angular velocity of the wheels is obtained with a value of 6.02 rad/s for smooth passes and 6.61 rad/s for rough trajectories and the linear velocity of the wheel chassis is 0.25 rad/s for smooth trajectories and 0.28 for rough trajectories. For motor torque and power, the respective values are 0.034 Nm for the smooth track and 0.042 Nm for the rough track and the value is 12.255 watts on the smooth track and 16.764 watts on the rough track for motor power when sorting.
Application of Aeroponics Techniques on The Growth of Spinach (Amaranthus sp)
Aeroponics is a method of farming that uses air to spray nutrient solutions on the roots of plants. This study was to determine the performance, and productivity of the application of aeroponic techniques. This study used an experimental method with three aeroponic installations, and types of rockwool, cocopeat, and husk charcoal growth media, and nozzle sizes 0.1 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.6 mm. Spraying time in the morning - afternoon is 30 minutes on, and 30 minutes off, while at night, it is 15 minutes on, and 45 minutes off. Parameters observed were pump, and nozzle discharge, nozzle outpouring uniformity value, electrical conductivity (EC), acidity (pH), solution temperature, ambient temperature, plant water consumption, air humidity, light intensity, plant growth, and plant productivity. The results of the observations were analyzed using statistical analysis, and two-factor ANOVA testing. The results showed that the range of pump discharge values was 3.58 ml/second – 3.676 ml/second, and nozzle discharge values of 0.1 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.6 mm were 0.303 ml/second, 0.975 ml/second, and 1.225 ml/second. The good uniformity of nozzle outpouring is 0.1 mm (97.17%) nozzle. The value (EC) during the growth period was 1.0 mS/cm – 2.5 mS/cm, the result of measurement of acidity (pH) was 5.7 – 7.5. The temperature of the nutrient solution is 26℃ - 37℃ while the ambient temperature reaches 27℃ - 39℃. The highest plant water consumption is 11.32 liters, and the humidity reaches 40% - 86%. The highest light intensity occurs outside the greenhouse. The results of the ANOVA test on the size of the nozzle, and the growth media affect plant growth and productivity. 0.1 mm nozzle has optimal spraying, and good growth media are husk charcoal, and rockwool.
Land Evaluation And Suitability For Porang (Amorphophallus Muelleri) in Suela District, East Lombok Regency Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Land evaluation is an approach or method to assess potential land use required and the expected value of production that is likely to be obtained. Porang plant is one of the plants belonging to the Araceae family and is a shrub (herb) plant with a single tuber inside. Porang grows a lot in the forest because it only requires 50-60% sunlight so, it is very suitable for plants in the shade. This study aims to determine the suitability of Porang land in Suela District, East Lombok Regency, using Geographic Information Systems. This research method uses descriptive analysis. Namely, the research data is displayed in the form of tables and maps. The data includes agro-climatological data (rainfall and temperature), nutrient retention (pH H₂O), Toxicity (salinity). The results of the evaluation of land suitability were categorized into four classes, namely very suitable (S1), quite suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) and not suitable (N). The evaluation of the suitability of this study obtained a very suitable level of land suitability in all aspects of the parameters. The overlay obtained in the Suela sub-district for the suitability of the Porang plant land was in one class, which was very suitable (S1) for all areas in the village of Suela sub-district, East Lombok regency.
Ergonomic and Anthropometric Analysis of Conventional Coffee Bean Grading Machines
Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producers in the world. According to statistics from the International Coffee Organization (ICO), Indonesia is the 3rd largest coffee producing country, after Brazil and Vietnam. There are several types of coffee, among others, types of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) and robusta coffee (Coffea robusta). The objectives of this study are as follows: Knowing the physical working environment conditions in the use of a coffee grading machine, analyzing the compatibility of machine dimensions with operators, Knowing the load classification work received by the operator. The method used in this research is a comparative descriptive method, which is to compare the actual performance of the coffee grading machine with the initial condition of the machine according to the engine modification specifications. Meanwhile, the physiology and physical environment aspects of coffee assessment are based on ergonomically determined standards. In this study, researchers will analyze the anthropometric analysis of machines and operators (height of shoulders when standing and arm length). Work physiology (classification of workload based on pulse energy consumption, oxygen consumption)
Performance Test of Elephant Grass Crushing Machine for Cattle Feed In Mertak Village, Pujut District, Lombok Tengah Regency
This study aims to determine the process of enumeration on a grass chopper machine, knowing the motor power required for a grass chopper, knowing how much fuel the machine needs to chop grass, knowing the length of time for chopping grass, and knowing the rotational speed of the chopper. This research method is experimental by conducting direct testing in the field. Data analysis was carried out using a mathematical approach to complete the mathematical calculation model which was processed using Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the energy available in this chopper was 5.5 HP, while the power used was 1.91 HP. The highest fuel consumption is at 15 Kg material weight of 1.60 Liter/hour, and the lowest is at 5 Kg material weight is 0.80 Liter/hour. The highest chopping capacity was at material weight of 5 Kg at 200 Kg/hour, while the lowest counting capacity was at material weight to 15 Kg at 166 Kg/hour. The highest efficiency based on the machine's ability to transmit power occurs at a weight of 15 Kg, which is 65.05%, while the lowest efficiency is at a weight of 5 Kg, which is 61.21%. The highest efficiency based on fuel consumption occurs at material weight of 5 Kg, namely 41.67%, while the lowest efficiency occurs at material weight of 15 Kg, namely 20.84%.
Analysis of The Quality of Sawdust Briquettes With Adhesive Banana Starch Flour (Musa paradisiaca L.)
The good quality of briquettes characteristics is to have a high calorific value and strength and not easily break. It is affected by the concentration of adhesives used. The raw materials of adhesive used so far are still consumed by the public such as starch and sago. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to find alternative sources of adhesives that are relatively in competition with human food needs. The raw material used in the manufacture of adhesives is starch from banana weevil waste. This study aims to find out the quality of sawdust briquettes with banana weevil starch as adhesive and to know the ability of banana weevil starch to be as an adhesive. The research method used is an experimental method by doing variations in adhesive concentrations of 20, 30 and 40%. Particle size of sawdust used is 20 mesh with compressed strength of 100 kg/cm2 for 2 minutes. The observed parameters are heat value, water content, ash content, density, strong press, split index, and burn test. The results showed that the best calorific values, water content and ash content were produced at 20% consecutive adhesive concentrations of 4515 cal/gram, 6.95%, and 2.37%. Density, strong press, split index and best light duration are produced at 40% consecutive adhesive concentrations of 0.30 gr/cm3,21.44 kg/cm2, 0.02%, and 349 seconds. As well as the best embers for 3384 seconds at an adhesive concentration of 30%. Briquettes with adhesive from banana weevil starch have good briquette quality.
Analysis of the Physical Properties of Some Planting Media in the Cultivation of Collard Plants (Brassica juncea L.) Using a Floating Raft Hydroponic System
Hydroponic technology is an alternative in cultivation using a substitute media other than soil. This study aims to determine the physical properties of the planting medium and the combination of husk charcoal and cocopeat which are the best for the growth of mustard plants using Floating Raft hydroponics. The planting media used were husk charcoal and cocopeat with a ratio of (75%+25%), (50%+50%), (75%+25%) and rockwool as controls. This study used an experimental method with field trials in a greenhouse. The results showed that the physical properties of the planting medium were as follows; the highest porosity and permeability were husk charcoal + cocopeat (75%+25%) of 76.92% and 1.910 cm/hour, the highest bulk density was husk charcoal + cocopeat (25%+75%) of 0.00038 kg/m³. Good productivity of mustard plants resulted from the use of husk charcoal + cocopeat planting media with a composition (75% + 25%).
husk charcoal; cocopeat; floating raft hydroponics; physical properties of growing media; collard
Analysis of Water Power Potential of the Suplesi Gebong Irrigation River for Power Plant Planning in the Village of Peresak Narmada Sub-Distric West Lombok District
The research is about Analysis of Water Power Potential of the Suplesi Gebong Irrigation River for Power Plant Planning in The Village of Peresak Narmada Sub-Distric West Lombok District. The purpose of this research was to analyze the availability of Suplesi Gebong irrigation river, to determine availability of electrical energy output of Suplesi Gebong irrigation river, and to determine the sort of power plant based on energy output. This research was conducted by using experimental method by collecting data from the field. Observed parameter in this research was obtained by measuring depth and width of the river, flow velocity to achieved flow rate, and elevation measurement on upstream and downstream part of the location. Flow rate and head data was acquaried to calculate potential power. Based on the results of the research, it could be determined that the effective head was 0.9 m and value of obtained flow rate is in the range of 0,33 m³/s to 0,58 m³/s. Potential output power based on flow rate and head value was 2,91 kW to 5,12 kW and could be prerequirement as Pico Hydro and Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHPP).
potency of hydropower; flow rate; head; micro hydro power plant (MHPP)
Porang Tubers (Amorpophallus oncophyllus) Drying Characteristics Using a Hybrid Dryer Machine with Rotating Rack Type
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari karakteristik pengeringan umbi porang menggunakan alat pengering hybrid tipe rak berputar. Pengeringan dilakukan dengan tiga perlakuan suhu 40ºC, 50ºC dan 60ºC dan ketebalan irisan bahan 0,7; 0,5; dan 0,3 cm. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu dan ketebalan irisan bahan rendah, maka waktu pengeringan semakin cepat. Pengeringan membutuhkan waktu paling lama pada suhu 40ºC selama 45 jam dengan kadar air awal 77,09% sampai kadar air akhir 17,66% dan paling cepat pada perlakuan suhu 60ºC ketebalan irisan 0,3 cm selama 14 jam dengan kadar air awal 81,87% sampai kadar air akhir 14,84%. Laju pengeringan tertinggi pada perlakuan suhu 60ºC sebesar 1,8153 m/s. Nilai konstanta yang diperoleh pada suhu 40ºC adalah 0,0738, suhu 50ºC senilai 0.0969, dan suhu 60ºC senilai 0,1849.
drying rate; hybrid dryer; rotating rack type; porang tubers
The Effect of Nutrition Watering Time on the Growth of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) Plant with NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) Hydroponic System
Nutrient film technique (NFT) merupakan cara bercocok tanam secara hidroponik. Pada sistem ini, akar tanaman tumbuh pada aliran air yang dangkal yang bersirkulasi secara terus menerus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon pertumbuhan tanaman pakcoy pada setiap perlakuan pengairan nutrisi serta untuk mengetahui konsumsi air dan konsumsi listrik. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimental dengan tiga perlakuan pengairan yakni pengairan selama 24 jam, 12 jam dan 6 jam dimana setiap perlakuan terdapat tiga kali ulangan. Adapun parameter yang diteliti adalah konsumsi air, nilai EC, nilai pH, suhu larutan, suhu lingkungan, pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun dan luas daun), produktivitas tanaman, efisiensi penggunaan air dan konsumsi listrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pengairan berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman pakcoy. Berdasarkan hasil produktivitas, tanaman pakcoy terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan pengairan selama 24 jam dengan berat 902 gr diikuti dengan perlakuan pengairan selama 12 jam dengan berat 748 gr dan perlakuan pengairan selama 6 jam dengan berat 500 gr. Hal ini disebabkan pada perlakuan pengairan selama 24 jam kebutuhan air dan unsur hara tanaman dapat terpenuhi. Total konsumsi air untuk perlakuan pengairan selama 24 jam, 12 jam dan 6 jam berturut-turut sebesar 20.8850 ml, 19.340 ml, 11.520 ml. Total penggunaan energi listirk dari pompa yang dinyalakan selama 24 jam, 12 jam dan 6 jam berturut-turut sebesar 4.704 kWh, 2.352 kWh dan 1.176 kWh.
irrigation, nutrient film technique, water consumption, pakcoy,
Technical And Economic Analysis of The Drying Process of Palm Sugar Using a Cylinder Tool Type of Shelf (Case Study of Maju Joint Smes)
Tanaman aren (ArengapinnataMerr) adalah satu jenis tanaman palma yang tumbuh di ketinggian 0 – 1.400 m dpl. Potensi produksi gula aren dalam bentuk gula semut (gula gerus halus) sangat besar. Dalam pembuatan gula semut tersebut gula yang telah di produksi dipastikan memiliki kadar air rendah yakni maksimal 3% sesuai dengan aturan SNI agar gula semut dapat bertahan lama. Proses pengeringan tersebut menggunakan alat slilinder tipe rak sehingga memudahkan dalam proses pengeringan yang sebelumnya masyarakat masih menggunakan pengeringan secara manual atau menggunakan bantuan dari sinar matahari. Menggunakan alat ini juga proses pengeringan lebih efisien waktu dan mempunyai keuntungan secara ekonomi seperti nilai ekonomi untuk NPV’ Rp.1.271.081,11 dengan bunga sebesar 3,50% dan NPVâ€ sebesar Rp.5.469,32 dengan bunga sebesar 75% kemudian nilai IRR sebesar 75%. Nilai Net B/C Ratio 1,03 dan nilai gross B/C mendapatkan -1,27 dan nilai BEP dari alat ini tercapai pada 280 unit/tahun dan memerlukan 196 jam/tahun.
Copyright (c) 2024 J-AGENT (Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology)
Performance Analysis of Updraft-Type Gasifier with Coconut Shell as Fuel
Coconut shell is one of biomass that has an abundant source among us. But in most time are neglected and thrown away although it has a lot of benefits. One of its potential is to be a source of alternative energy. In this research, coconut shells are converted into combustible gas or syngas through gasification process by an updraft-type gasifier. The purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of the gasifier to generate heat with two different sizes of coconut shell as the fuel. The used coconut shell size are ± 3×3 cm (P1) and ± 5×5 cm (P2). The air supply used in this research is 7,13 m/s, or equivalent to 866,72 l/min. The method used in this research is an experimental one, then descriptively explained followed by data shown in charts. Heat that generated inside the reactor of P1 and P2 by average for 50 minutes are 413,6 °C and 420,9 °C. While the detected heat at the burner throughout the combustible gas generation are 375,7 °C for P1 and 396,3 °C for P2. The test for thermal efficiency by a water-boiling method is 2.22% for P1 and 2.43% for P2. While for the gasification efficiency simulation rate number are 55% for P1 and 65% for P2.
burner; coconut shell; combustible gas; gasifier; reactor
Application of Sprinkler Irrigation for Shallots (Allium ascalonium L.) in the Raised Bed
The Raised bed is a farming method that can be applied to narrow land using containers or tubs Sprinkler irrigation is one of the methods to provide water by spraying water into the air, falling to the ground like rainwater. This study aims to design a sprinkler irrigation system for Shallots on raised beds and determine the response of Shallots to the sprinkler irrigation method applied. The research method is experimental with field experiments on Raised bed land with 4 raised bed plots. Parameters observed were discharged, sprinkler irrigation beam distance, crop water requirements, plant growth, and soil physical properties. The results showed that the sprinkler irrigation design was not successfully applied to narrow land because it had a relatively broad water distribution. The results showed that the water requirement of the shallot plant on day 18 was 1.8 mm/day and the lowest on day 10 was 0.9 mm/day. The soil analysis results at the research location for the texture of sandy loam soil for manure media and plant residue media. The field capacity of manure media was 29.74%, plant residue media was 63.19, the permanent wilting point of manure media was 17.99 %, plant residue media of 19.30%, and soil permeability values were moderate to moderately fast class on manure media and a relatively fast class on plant residue media. The results showed that Shallots gave a good response, which can be seen in the average number of leaves at the highest 6.27 strands. The average increase in plant height reached the highest value of 31.56 cm.
Quality Analysis of Coconut Bricket (Cocos Nucifera L) with Used Paper Adhesive
Briquette is a solid fuel derived from biomass can be used as an alternative energy source. Mixing paper with coconut fiber can be used as an alternative fuel for briquettes. The purposes of this study was to determine the quality of coconut coir briquettes with paper adhesives based on physical and chemical properties, to determine the resistance of waste paper to alternative adhesives in making briquettes, to determine the concentration of a mixture of coconut coir and adhesives to produce good briquettes. The research method used in this research is experimental research in the laboratory. This research used coconut fiber as raw material for making briquettes and waste paper as raw material for adhesives in riquettes. In this study, the experimental comparison between coconut fiber and the adhesive used included 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%. The parameters observed were calorific value, moisture content, ash content, compressive strength, density, starter index, and flame test. The calorific value at a ratio of 20%:80% has met the standardized test of 6696.40 cal/gram. index, the flame test met the established Indonesian national standard (SNI), while the water content, ash content, compressive strength and density did not meet the briquette test standards.
briquettes; coconut fiber; paper adhesive
Application of Capillary Irrigation System by Providing Age Variations of Catfish Wastewater as Liquid Organic Fertilizer for Spinach (Amaranthus sp.)
The application of micro irrigation in Indonesia has not been very developed even though this system has a high irrigation efficiency. Micro irrigation with capillary method is made from a combination of used bottles and polybags which are connected with flannel so that the water will move in capillaries to wet the soil. Catfish wastewater contains macro nutrients that plants need. Nutrient levels contained are N, P end K. The purpose of this reseach is determine the application of capillary irrigation and the need for utilization of catfish liquid on the growth of spinach and analyze the effect of variations in age of catfish liquid waste as liquid organic on the growth of spinach. This research method uses the eksperimental method of RAL experiment with 2 replications of variations in the age of catfish wastewater that is 5 days, 7 days, and 9 days as treatment. Parameters observed were capillary power, plant water consumption, nutrient uniformity, and spinach growth. The results showed that capillarity had no effect, but plant water consumtion has an effect on the growth of spinach plants. The use of catfish wastewater with variations of catfish wastewater aged 5 days gave the most effective effect on the growth of spinach.
micro irrigation; capillarity; catfish wastewater; spinach
Technical And Economic Analysis Of Drying Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Powder Using A Rotary Dryer
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a vegetable commodity that functions as a food flavoring ingredient and is also very beneficial for health. The high production of garlic in Indonesia causes the need for post-harvest treatment to maintain the quality of garlic and increase its economic value. The purpose of this study was to analyze technically and economically and to determine the feasibility of using a rotary dryer for drying garlic powder. The method used in this research is an experimental method. This dryer is a device that uses the concept of rotating drying by utilizing solar energy and biomass combustion as a heat source to increase the temperature of the drying chamber. The results showed that drying garlic powder using a rotary dryer was feasible, both from a technical and economic perspective. From the technical aspect, it can be seen that the best experimental results were obtained in the drying treatment at 55 oC with a thickness of 1 mm which resulted in a final moisture content of 5.88%, yield of 35.18%, working capacity of the tool 0.077 Kg/hour, effectiveness 0.534% and efficiency. 10.227%. From the economic analysis, it produces a B/C Ratio of 1.23, NVP Rp.714.495, IRR 7.59%, BEP is achieved at a production level of 40.1 Kg/year or for 522.4 hours/year and an economic efficiency level of 123.45% .
drying; garlic; rotary dryer; technical and economic analysis
Heat Loss Analysis On The Wall Of Coconut Shell Carbonization Tool Into Briquettes
The carbonization process is the process of converting the original raw material into carbon through combustion in a closed space with limited air. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of heat loss on the walls of the isolated coconut shell carbonization apparatus. The research method used is experimental with field experiments. The carbonization process uses a carbonization drum that has been coated with an insulator in the form of clay on the tool wall. The carbonization process was carried out at temperatures above 100oC for 90 minutes with a weight of 6 kilograms of coconut shell material. In the carbonization process, temperature and pressure measurements were carried out on 3 parts of the wall with a total of 13 measuring points. The parameters calculated in this study are the cross-sectional area of the tool, the value of the tool's conductivity, the heat loss on the wall, and the heat source. Based on the results of carbonization, it was found that the carbonization drum has a cross-sectional area of 1.32m2 with a conductivity value of iron 73 W/moC and clay 2.30 W/moC. The highest heat loss occurred at the upper tool wall, which was 9,893.56 W, while the lowest heat loss occurred at the lower tool wall. that is equal to 8,468,66 W. The average heat loss on the appliance cover is 268,555,63 W. The overall heat loss coefficient for the appliance is 14,665.823 J/m2oC.
Maturity Level Detection of Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Based On Physical And Chemical Properties at Room Temperature Storage Using Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) Agorithms
The classification process on fruit is often a problem in the production process of agricultural products, one of which is in classifying the level of ripeness of srikaya fruit, and there have been many kinds of research on classifying fruit using one or two parameters using machine learning. Physical and chemical properties such as aroma, moisture content, total dissolved solids, texture, and weight loss indicate fruit maturity. This study aimed to determine the maturity level of srikaya fruit based on physical and chemical properties using the k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Random Forest algorithms, and to measure the algorithm’s accuracy. The method used in this research is the k-NN and Random Forest, then its performance is measured using a confusion matrix. Physical properties (weight loss and texture) and chemical properties (moisture content, total dissolved solids and gas content) were observed. The results of detecting the maturity level of sugar apple have been reached. From 8 test data, it can detect 1 damaged fruit using the k-NN method, while the random forest from 8 test data can detect 2 raw fruit, 3 ripe fruit, and 1 damaged fruit. The accuracy of the k-NN method is 12.5%, and the random forest is 75%. The performance of the random forest is higher than the k-NN method based on the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity results.
Performance Test of Chicken Feather Thresher Machine in Brida NTB, Lelede Village, Banyumulek, Kediri District, Lelede
This study aims to study the threshing process and test the performance of chicken feather threshing machines made by IKM partners. This research method is an experimental method with direct observation at the research site with 2 repetitions of the experiment with different loads. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively with Indonesian national standards. The parameters observed in this study were calculating the torque, knowing the threshing time, and the level of cleanliness in the chickens. The results showed that the energy available in this chicken feather thresher machine is 1 HP. This chicken feather removal machine can clean 3 to 4 chickens in one process. For the process of 3 chickens it takes 25.17 seconds while for 4 chickens it takes 32.33 seconds. The torque in the threshing process of 3 chickens on the small pulley is 65.38 N.m and for the large pulley it is 280.19 N.m. Whereas for threshing 4 chickens for small pulley it is 93.69 N.m and for large pulley it is 401.54 N.m. The percentage of cleanliness in threshing 3 chickens is 91% while for threshing 4 chickens is 90%. With this it can be concluded that the performance of threshing chicken with this machine in accordance with the specifications of the machine. A load of chickens, either 3 or 4 tails, results in good shedding of chicken feathers.
The Effect of Hose Windings Variation on The Efficiency and Velocity of Spiral Pumps in River Flow
The spiral pump is a pump that does not require fuel oil or electricity as a source of driving power, because the spiral pump is driven by river currents. The winding hose is one of the important factors affecting the performance of the spiral pump. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of variations in the number of hose turns (hose length) on the efficiency and speed of spiral pump rotation, and to determine the optimal number of hose windings (hose length) on the output discharge, power, and headloss of spiral pumps. The research method used is an experimental method. The treatments with different number of windings were L1 5.5 windings (22 m), L2 7 windings (25 m), and L3 8.5 windings (30 m). The parameters of this research are water velocity, flow rate, output discharge, spiral pump rotational speed, blade water power, pump power, pump output power, psiral pump efficiency, output efficiency, and spiral pump headloss. This research produces the number of turns of the hose has an effect on the efficiency of the spiral pump with the highest value in the variation of 5.5 windings (22 m), namely 57.07%. The highest rotational speed is in a variation of 5.5 windings (22 m) with a value of 9.9 rpm, while the lowest speed is in a variation of 8.5 windings (30 m) with a value of 8.9 rpm. The highest discharge is found in the treatment of 8.5 windings (30 m), namely 0.0008811 m3 / s. While the highest generated pump power is in the variation of 5.5 turns (22 m) with a value of 317.28 Watt. The lowest headloss value is in the variation of 5.5 turns (22 m), namely 0.64 m.
Analysis of Sprayer Temperature And Humidity Control Using Oil Mushroom Cultivation (Pleurotus ostreatus)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of sprayers to control room temperature and humidity in Oyster Mushroom cultivation. As well as knowing the effect of temperature and humidity and growth of oyster mushrooms by giving different treatments in watering. This research was conducted in August - October 2020 in Kumbung (Oyster Mushroom House), Kampung Surabaya, Tiwugalih Environment, Praya District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The research parameters studied included temperature (°C), humidity (%), light / sunlight (lux), and growth of Oyster Mushrooms including length of Oyster Mushrooms (cm), diameter of caps of Oyster Mushrooms (cm), number of caps / clumps ( fruit), and fruit body weight (g). The temperature on day 5 was 28.7 ° C. After controlling, namely spraying water mist on the walls of the kumbung, the temperature dropped to 27.6 ° C. The lowest humidity value occurs at noon on day 6 with a value of 66%. While the highest humidity value occurs at noon on day 14 with a value of 99%. The optimum sunlight intensity is 50-1,500 lux. The best growth of oyster mushrooms from each treatment was obtained in treatment 2 with an average stalk length of 11.6 cm, a diameter of 12.3 cm, number of caps 9.7 and a weight of 181.4 grams of oyster mushrooms. Based on the research results, it is suggested: to use an automatic tool to control temperature and humidity in the Oyster Mushroom kumbung room. In building construction in hot places, you should not use asbestos roofs, but use tile roofs.
Analaysis Of Variations In Drainage Hole Distance From The Base Of The Tube And Nutrient Concentration On The Growth Of Pakcoy (Brassica chinensis L.) in AJB system
The climate in Indonesia is very suitable for agriculture, especially the cultivation of holticultural crops (vegetables), like pakcoy (Brassica chinencis L.). However, as time goes by and population growth, there is a lot of conversion of agricultural land which causes limited agricultural land. Especially for urban areas and it’s surroundings. Hydroponics is one solution to overcome the limitations of agricultural land, but the hydroponic system requires a fairly high cost and complicated system. The AJB system is here as a solution for low cost and simple hydroponic system. The purpose of this study was to determine the distance of the drainage hole from the bottom of the tub and the most suitable nutrient concentration in the AJB system for the cultivation of pakcoy plants. The method used in this study is an experimental method by observing the growth of pakcoy plants in the AJB system with variations in the distance of the drainage holes from the bottom of the tub and different nutrient concentrations. The parameters of the research were: permeability, porosity, texture, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant wet weight and plant water requirement. The results showed that the average permeability of the growing media was 24.661 cm/hour. The porosity of the planting medium was 33.333 %. The texture of the growing media contains 3.33-4.67 % clay, 10-10.67 % dust and 85.33-86.67 % sand. Plant height, number of leaves and leaf area doesn’t show a lot of difference, in plant wet weight with the highest value being 200.3 grams and the lowest being 87.3 grams. The amount of water needed by the AJB system is in accordance with the distance of the drainage hole from the bottom of the tub. The most suitable distance of the drainage hole from the bottom of the tub is 10 cm or 7.5 cm with a nutrient concentration of 1350 ppm.